Institution Christianity
Benedictines
Ordo Sancti Benedicti la
Catholic monastic order
- Dated from 529 CE
- Also called Order of Saint Benedict, Black Monks
Founded, kept
and handed on.
As the records give it
Founders
Named as founders
Who the records name as founding it.
What this means
An attribution, usually recorded long afterwards and often contested — not a claim that it began fully formed, or that everyone who belongs to it accepts the attribution. An order, a church or a dynasty named as founder is listed by name rather than drawn: an arch is for a likeness.
Connections
How Benedictines connects
Grouped by the kind of relationship, because a successor is not a son and a shared symbol is not an influence.
Affiliation 509
What this means
Association with a tradition or school. Traditions branch, overlap and re-merge; this is not a clean single-origin tree.
Does not imply a fixed roster · that every account of the tradition knows this figure · that no other tradition uses the site · use in every period · personal belief at every point in a life · the practice of a population
Imported from Wikidata unless a tile says otherwise. Nothing here has been read by an editor.
-
includes Camaldolese Roman Catholic religious order, based on the Rule of St. Benedict - includes Order of Cluny order of benedictine monks (changes within medieval monasticism)
-
has the site Holy Cross Abbey abbey located in Vienne, in France -
includes Stephen Harding English-born monk and abbot -
includes San Giorgio Monastery Ex benedictine monastery in Venice, Italy, on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore -
includes monastery of San Salvador de Oña monastery -
includes Monastery of Nuestra Señora de Valvanera cultural property in Anguiano, Spain -
.jpg/120px-Facade_of_the_Aulne_Abbey_during_golden_hour_(DSC_0123).jpg)
includes Aulne Abbey Cistercian monastery in Belgium -
includes Abbey of Santa Maria, Follina Abbey in Follina, Italy
Show all 509
-
includes Moreruela Abbey -
includes Penamaior Abbey -
.jpg/120px-Monasterio_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Carracedo_(427349694).jpg)
includes Monastery of Carracedo abbey -
includes Saint-Martin-du-Canigou abbey located in Pyrénées-Orientales, in France -
includes Cerreto Abbey former abbey in Abbadia Cerreto, Italy -
includes Benedictine abbey of Mariastein abbey building in Metzerlen-Mariastein in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland -
.jpg/120px-Sainte-Trie_Dalon_ruines_abbaye_(1).jpg)
includes Dalon Abbey abbey located in Dordogne, in France -
includes Loc-Dieu Abbey former abbey located in Aveyron, France -
includes Valmagne Abbey abbey located in Hérault, in France -
includes Monastery of Santa María de Nogales cistercian monastery in Spain -
includes Monastery of Irache cultural property in Ayegui, Spain -
_-_facciata_della_chiesa_e_dell'abbazia_2019-06-13.jpg/120px-Abbazia_di_San_Bernardo_(Fontevivo)_-_facciata_della_chiesa_e_dell'abbazia_2019-06-13.jpg)
includes Fontevivo Abbey former cistercian & benedictine abbey in Italy -
includes Benedetto Castelli Italian mathematician (*1577/78 – †1643) -
.jpg/120px-Retrato_p%C3%B3stumo_del_padre_Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feijoo_(Mariano_Salvador_Maella).jpg)
includes Benito Jerónimo Feijoo Spanish monk and scholar -
_-_Lac_du_Bourget_-_Vue_depuis_le_belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_du_mont_de_la_Charvaz_-_51619987352.jpg/120px-Abbaye_d'Hautecombe_(Savoie)_-_Lac_du_Bourget_-_Vue_depuis_le_belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_du_mont_de_la_Charvaz_-_51619987352.jpg)
includes Royal Abbey of Hautecombe abbey located in Savoie, in France -
includes Abbatiale Saint-Géraud d'Aurillac abbey located in Cantal, in France -
includes Abbaye de Malmedy monastery in Malmedy, Belgium -
includes Abbaye de Nogent-sous-Coucy abbey located in Aisne, in France -
includes Abbaye Notre-Dame de Boscodon abbey located in Hautes-Alpes, in France -
includes Abbaye Saint-Nicolas, Angers Abbey located in Maine-et-Loire, in France -
includes Abbaye Saint-Pierre d’Hautvillers previous abbey located in Marne, in France -
includes Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Beaulieu former benedictine abbey located in Corrèze, in France -
includes Abbaye Sainte-Marie d'Arles-sur-Tech abbey located in Pyrénées-Orientales, in France -
includes Abbaye Sainte-Marie de la Pierre-qui-Vire (Saint-Léger-Vauban, France) abbey located in Yonne, in France -
includes Abbazia di Pomposa church in Pomposa - Codigoro (FE) -
includes Abbazia di San Silvestro abbey in Nonantola (MO) -
includes Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch UNESCO World Heritage Abbey of Lorsch in Germany -
includes abbey of Boulbonne abbey located in Haute-Garonne, in France -
_1737_-_Baroque_architecture_-_Porte_St_Willibrord_-_Romanesque_St._Willibrord_Basilika_rebuilt_in_Neo-romanesque_style_after_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge_1945_-_Panorama_View_04.jpg/120px-Echternach_-_Abbey_of_Echternach_(698_founded_by_St_Willibrord)_1737_-_Baroque_architecture_-_Porte_St_Willibrord_-_Romanesque_St._Willibrord_Basilika_rebuilt_in_Neo-romanesque_style_after_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge_1945_-_Panorama_View_04.jpg)
includes Abbey of Echternach monastery -
includes Abbey of Monte Cassino abbey -
.jpg/120px-Kloster_Reichenau_(Foto_Hilarmont).jpg)
includes Abbey of Reichenau monastery -
includes Abbey of Saint Gall abolished monastery and collegiate district with cathedral in the city of St. Gallen, Switzerland -
includes Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges abbey located in Haute-Vienne, in France -
includes Abbey of Saint Peter in the Black Forest monastery -
.JPG/120px-Abbaye_Saint-Arnould_(clo%C3%AEtre).JPG)
includes Abbey of Saint-Arnould Benedictine abbey in Metz, France -
includes Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen former abbey located in Calvados, in France -
includes Abbey of Saint-Georges, Boscherville abbey located in Seine-Maritime, in France -
includes Abbey of Saint-Gilles abbey located in Gard, in France -
includes Abbey of Saint-Vigor de Cerisy abbey located in Manche, in France -
.jpg/120px-02_NOR_-_Calvados_-_Caen_-_Abbaye_aux_Dames_(2016-09-08_11-40-32).jpg)
includes Abbey of Sainte-Trinité abbey located in Calvados, in France -
includes Abbey of San Pietro al Monte abbey in Civate, Italy -
includes Abbey of San Salvatore abbey in Abbadia San Salvatore, Italy -
._Entrada.jpg/120px-Monasterio_de_Santo_Domingo_de_Silos_(Burgos)._Entrada.jpg)
includes Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos Benedictine monastery in Santo Domingo de Silos, Burgos Province, Spain -
includes Abbey of St Pons abbey located in Alpes-Maritimes, in France -
includes Abbey of St. Peter the Old cultural property in Huesca, Spain -
.JPG/120px-0_Arras_-_Abbaye_Saint-Vaast_d'Arras_(1).JPG)
includes Abbey of St. Vaast abbey located in Pas-de-Calais, in France -
includes Abbey-Church of Saint-Ouen, Rouen Gothic church and former Benedictine abbey, Seine-Maritime, France -
includes Abbo of Fleury monk and abbot of Fleury Abbey (c.945-1004) -
._Dom%C3%A8nec_Fita%2C_sculptor_(15489632759).jpg/120px-Vic-_Oliba%2C_bishop_of_Vic_and_abbot_of_Ripoll_and_Cuix%C3%A0_(2002)._Dom%C3%A8nec_Fita%2C_sculptor_(15489632759).jpg)
includes Abbot Oliba Catalan count, abbot and bishop (c.971-1046) -
includes Abbot Suger French abbot-statesmen, historian and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture (1080-1151) -
includes Abingdon Abbey Grade I listed abbey in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom -
includes Adalard of Corbie Carolingian saint -
includes Adalbert French saint, archbishop and missionary (c.910–981) -
includes Adalbert of Prague Bohemian missionary and saint (c.956–997) -
includes Adela Catholic saint and royal princess -
includes Adela of France Countess of Flanders (1009–1079) -
_St.Peter23.JPG/120px-Vilich(Bonn)_St.Peter23.JPG)
includes Adelaide, Abbess of Vilich Abbess of Vilich and Christian saint (c.970-c.1015) -
includes Adémar de Chabannes French monk, historian, musical composer and successful literary forger -
includes Adeodatus II pope -
includes Admont Abbey abbey in Styria, Austria -
includes Ado of Vienne Archbishop of Vienne -
includes Adomnán hagiographer, statesman, clerical lawyer - includes Adrian of Canterbury Abbot of Canterbury
-
includes Ælfflæd of Whitby Abbess of Whitby -
includes Ælfheah of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury and saint (c.953-1012) - includes Ælfric of Eynsham English abbot and prolific writer in Old English of hagiography, homilies and biblical commentaries (c.955-c.1010)
-
includes Affligem Abbey historic religious building located in Belgium -
_-_cropped.jpg/120px-Pope_Agatho_(Menologion_of_Basil_II)_-_cropped.jpg)
includes Agatho pope - includes Aimoin of Fleury French monk and chronicler (c.960-c.1010)
-
includes Alcuin 8th-century Northumbrian scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher -
includes Aldegund Frankish saint and abbess (639-684) -
includes Aldhelm abbot of Malmesbury Abbey, bishop of Sherborne, Latin poet -
includes Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster Metropolitan Archbishop of Milan and Cardinal of the Catholic Church, beatified in 1996 -
includes Alpirsbach Abbey monastery in Bade-Württemberg, Germany -
includes Altenburg Abbey benedictine abbey in Lower Austria -
includes Altmünster Abbey former Benedictine monastery in Luxembourg City -
includes Altomünster Abbey monastery in Altomünster, Germany -
includes Amalberga of Maubeuge saint -
includes Ambrose Traversari Italian monk and theologian (1386–1439) -
includes Amorbach Abbey former Benedictine monastery in Amorbach, Bavaria -
includes Anastasia of Kyiv Queen of Hungary from 1046 to 1060 -
includes Anchin Abbey abbey located in Nord, France -
includes Ancienne abbaye bénédictine Saint-Grégoire abbey located in Haut-Rhin, in France -
includes Andlau Abbey abbey located in Bas-Rhin, France -
includes Anselm of Canterbury 11th‑century Benedictine monk, Archbishop of Canterbury, philosopher and theologian - includes Anselm of Laon French medieval theologian and philosopher
-
includes Ansgar missionary to Denmark and later Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen -
includes Antoine François Prévost French novelist (1697–1763) -
includes Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle Burgundian advisor to Margaret of Parma, later cardinal, and minister of the Spanish Habsburgs (1517-1586) -
includes Antonio Barberini Italian cardinal (1607-1671), nephew of Pope Urban VIII -
includes Arbroath Abbey abbey in Arbroath, Scotland, United Kingdom -
includes Arnsburg Abbey Historic structure in Hesse, Germany -
includes Arnulf I, Count of Flanders First Count of Flanders from 918 to 964 -
includes Augustine of Canterbury 6th-century missionary, archbishop, and saint -
includes Badia Fiorentina abbey in Florence, Italy -
includes Baldwin II margrave of Flanders -
includes Banz Abbey cultural heritage monument in Bavaria, Germany -
includes Bardney Abbey abbey in Bardney, West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England, UK -
includes Basilica of Paray-le-Monial basilica located in Saône-et-Loire, in France -
includes Basilica of Saint-Denis basilica located in Seine-Saint-Denis, in France -
includes Basilica of Saint-Remi basilica located in Marne, in France -
includes Basilica of St. Martin, Tours basilica located in Indre-et-Loire, in France -
includes Bassac Abbey abbey located in Charente, in France -
includes Battle Abbey Benedictine abbey in Battle, East Sussex, England, UK -
.jpg/120px-El_Beato%2C_con_su_pluma_y_su_mente_(Jes%C3%BAs_Otero).jpg)
includes Beatus of Liébana Spanish saint and theologian -
includes Bec Abbey Benedictine monastic foundation in Normandy, France -
includes Bede Anglo-Saxon monk, writer and saint (672/3–735) -
includes Benedict Biscop Anglo-Saxon abbot -
.jpg/120px-Benedict_of_Aniane%2C_Sant-Guilhem-1-Benet_(cropped).jpg)
includes Benedict of Aniane Benedictine monk and reformer -
includes Benedict of Nursia founder of Christian monasticism, founder of the Benedictine order (480–547) -
_(1).jpg/120px-2014_Abdinghofkirche_(Paderborn)_(1).jpg)
includes Benedictine Abbey of Abdinghof, Paderborn abbey -
includes Benediktbeuern Abbey abbey -
includes Benno bishop and saint -
includes Bermondsey Abbey English Benedictine monastery -
includes Bernard de Montfaucon French monk and scholar (1655–1741) - includes Bernard of Cluny French poet
- includes Bernard, son of Charles Martel Frankish noble
-
includes Bobbio Abbey abbey -
.jpg/120px-St_Botolph%2C_Cambridge_IMG_2936_(28884698391).jpg)
includes Botwulf of Thorney English abbot and saint -
includes Braunau in Rohr Abbey Abbey in Bavaria, Germany -
includes Brauweiler Abbey former Benedictine monastery -
includes Břevnov Monastery monastery in Prague, Czech Republic -
includes Brogne Abbey abbey in Belgium -
includes Bruno Abbot of Montecassino -
includes Buckfast Abbey Benedictine abbey in Buckfast, Devon -
includes Burtscheid Abbey human settlement -
includes Bury St Edmunds Abbey partly ruined abbey in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England, UK -
includes Callixtus II Pope from 1119 to 1124 - includes canonical hours Christian concept of periods of prayer throughout the day
-
includes Cardinal Mazarin French cardinal and statesman -
includes Carloman Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia (710-754) -
includes Cecily Neville, Duchess of York English noblewoman (1415–1495) -
includes Celestine V 13th‑century Italian hermit and founder of the Celestines, Catholic saint, first pope to resign -
includes Celestines Roman Catholic monastic order - includes Ceolfrith Anglo-Saxon Christian abbot
-
includes Cerne Abbey Historic Benedictine abbey and private estate in Cerne Abbas, Dorset -
_-_P2093_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/120px-Anonymous_-_Portrait_de_Charles%2C_cardinal_de_Bourbon_(1523-1590)_-_P2093_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg)
includes Charles II de Bourbon-Vendôme Roman Catholic cardinal -
includes Charles the Bald King of West Francia from 843 to 877 and Carolingian Emperor from 875 to 877 -
includes Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon Catholic cardinal (1523–1590) -
includes Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine French Catholic cardinal of the House of Guise (1524-1574) -
.jpg/120px-Ruined_wall_of_Chertsey_Abbey_(165892_0994f2f8).jpg)
includes Chertsey Abbey Benedictine monastery -
.jpg/120px-Basilica_di_San_Giorgio_Maggiore_(Venice).jpg)
includes Church of San Giorgio Maggiore basilica on the Island of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice -
includes Church of St Philibert abbey in Tournus -
.jpg/120px-01_Cl%C3%A9ment_VI_(Fresque_de_la_chapelle_Saint-Martial_du_palais_des_papes).jpg)
includes Clement VI Pope of the Catholic Church and the fourth Avignon Pope (1342–1352) -
includes Cluny Abbey abbey located in Saône-et-Loire, in France -
includes Compline In Christian liturgy, the canonical hour is the last of the seven times set by the Church for the liturgy. -
.jpg/120px-Abbatiale_Saint-Pierre_de_Corbie_ext%C3%A9rieur_(07).jpg)
includes Corbie Abbey abbey located in Somme, in France -
includes Crowland Abbey parish church of Church of England in Crowland, Lincolnshire, England, UK -
includes Cunigunde of Luxembourg Luxembourgian noble and saint (978–1039) -
includes Cuthbert 7th-century Anglo-Saxon bishop, monk, hermit and saint (635–687) -
includes Disentis Abbey Benedictine monastery in Disentis/Mustér in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland -
includes Disibodenberg abbey -
includes Dolores Hart American Roman Catholic religious nun, and former actress -
includes Dorothea of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg Princess of Brandenburg by birth and by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg -
.jpg/120px-Dorothy_Day%2C_1916_(cropped).jpg)
includes Dorothy Day American journalist, social activist, and Catholic convert (1897-1980) -
includes Downside Abbey Benedictine monastery in Somerset, England, UK -
includes Drogo illegitimate son of Frankish emperor Charlemagne by the concubine Regina, bishop of Metz -
includes Drübeck Abbey abbey -
includes Dunfermline Abbey church in Fife, Scotland, UK -
includes Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury and saint -
includes Eadburh of Winchester Anglo-Saxon nun -
.jpg/120px-Eadmer_of_Canterbury_portrait_(cropped_from_Google_Art_Project).jpg)
includes Eadmer of Canterbury English historian, theologian, and ecclesiastic - includes Eanflæd Kentish princess
- includes Ecgberht of Ripon Anglo-Saxon saint
-
includes Edith of Wilton English nun - includes Edmund of Scotland Scottish prince
-
includes église abbatiale Saint-Pierre de Solignac church located in Haute-Vienne, in France -
includes Egmond Abbey Benedictine monastery in Bergen (North Holland) -
.jpg/120px-Abtei_St._Hildegard_(Eibingen).jpg)
includes Eibingen Abbey monastery in Eibingen, Rüdesheim am Rhein, Hesse, Germany -
includes Einsiedeln Abbey Benedictine monastery in Einsiedeln in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland -
includes Eleanor of Provence Queen of England (1223-1291) -
includes Elizabeth of Schönau German Benedictine visionary -
includes Ellwangen Abbey abbey in Ellwangen (Jagst), Germany, and principality of the Holy Roman Empire -
includes Ely Cathedral principal church of the Diocese of Ely, in Cambridgeshire, England, UK -
includes Emmaus Monastery abbey in Prague -
includes Ettal Abbey abbey -
includes Evesham Abbey former abbey at Evesham in Worcestershire, England, UK -
includes Farfa Abbey church in Fara in Sabina, Italy -
includes Faversham Abbey Cluny style monastery in England -
includes Ferrières Royal Abbey abbey located in Loiret, in France -
includes Fischingen Abbey Benedictine monastery in Fischingen in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland -
includes Fleury Abbey abbey located in Loiret, in France -
includes Fontfroide Abbey cistercian abbey located near Narbonne, in Aude department of France -
includes Fontgombault Abbey Benedictine monastery at Fontgombault, Berry, France -
includes Fore Priory of Sts Taurin and Fechin Benedictine monastery -
.JPG/120px-Forest_060106_(10).JPG)
includes Forest Abbey former abbey in Forest, Brussels, Belgium -
includes Former Benedictine Abbey of All Saints (monastery/convent church, Erhard and Michaelis Chapel, infirmary and novitiate, beguinage, predecessor buildings I-III) former Benedictine monastery in the city of Schaffhausen, Switzerland -
includes former Benedictine monastery Muri monastery in Muri in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland -
includes Former Premonstratensian Abbey and Abbey Church church building in Bellelay in the canton of Bern, Switzerland -
.jpg/120px-Abbazia_di_Fossanova_(2008).jpg)
includes Fossanova Abbey abbey in Priverno, Italy -
includes Frances of Rome Italian mystic and religious foundress -
includes Frauenchiemsee convent building in Chiemsee, Upper Bavaria, Germany -
includes Fridolin of Säckingen Irish missionary -
includes Fruttuaria abbey -
includes Fulda monastery abbey in Germany -
includes Ganagobie Abbey abbey located in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in France -
includes Gengenbach Abbey former abbey in Gengenbach, Germany -
includes Georges d'Amboise Cardinal and minister of state (1460-1510) -
_-_Statue_of_Saint_Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d.jpg/120px-San_Rocco_(Venice)_-_Statue_of_Saint_Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d.jpg)
includes Gerard of Csanád Italian Benedictine monk, founder bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of (Szeged-)Csanád, and martyr -
includes Germain of Paris Bishop of Paris -
includes Gertrude of Hackeborn Cistercian abbess -
includes Gertrude of Nivelles Benedictine abbess and saint (626-659) -
includes Gertrude the Great Roman Catholic Saint -
includes Gimsøy Abbey a Benedictine monastery on the island of Klosterøya -
includes Gisela of Hungary German princess, Hungarian queen consort and Roman Catholic blessed -
includes Gisela, Abbess of Chelles Roman Catholic nun and abbess -
includes Glastonbury Abbey former Benedictine abbey at Somerset, England, United Kingdom -
includes Gorze Abbey abbey located in Moselle, in France -
includes Göss Abbey abbey -
includes Gotthard of Hildesheim 11th‑century German Benedictine abbot and bishop of Hildesheim, Cluniac reformer and Catholic saint - includes Gottschalk of Orbais German theologian
-
.JPG/120px-Furth_bei_G%C3%B6ttweig_-_Stift_G%C3%B6ttweig_(a).JPG)
includes Göttweig Abbey Benedictine monastery near Krems in Lower Austria -
includes Grafschaft Abbey abbey -
includes Gregory I 6th-century Roman Pope, theologian and Church Father, Catholic and Orthodox saint, 64th Bishop of Rome and Doctor of the Church -
includes Gregory III 90th Pope of the Catholic Church -
.jpg/120px-Gregorius_(Vita_Gregorii_VII).jpg)
includes Gregory VII Pope of the Catholic Church from 1073 to 1085 -
includes Gregory XVI Pope of the Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846 (1765–1846) -
includes Gröningen Priory human settlement in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany - includes Guibert of Nogent Benedictine historian, theologian and author of autobiographies (c. 1055–1124)
-
includes Guido of Arezzo 11th century Italian monk, inventor of modern musical notation -
includes Guillaume d'Estouteville French monk, archbishop and cardinal -
includes Gundulf Norman monk and Bishop of Rochester -
includes Hambye Abbey abbey located in Manche, in France - includes Heiric of Auxerre Carolingian priest and poet
-
includes Hélinand of Froidmont medieval poet, chronicler, and ecclesiastical writer (1160-1229) -
includes Henriette Louise de Bourbon French abbess (1703-1772) - includes Herman I, Duke of Swabia German noble
-
includes Herman I, Margrave of Baden German noble -
includes Hersfeld Abbey monastery -
.jpg/120px-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0).jpg)
includes Hilda Christian saint and the founding abbess of the monastery at Whitby, England -
includes Hildegard of Bingen German Benedictine abbess, polymath, mystic and Doctor of Church (1098–1179) - includes Hilduin theologian, abbot of St Denis, bishop and archbishop
-
includes Hirsau Abbey former Benedictine abbey in Calw -
includes Honorius member of the Gregorian mission to the Anglo-Saxons and Archbishop of Canterbury -
includes Hrotsvitha German secular canoness, dramatist, and poet - includes Hugh abbot of Saint-Quentin, son of Charlemagne
-
includes Huysburg benedictine monastery near Halberstadt in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Iburg_Castle_(view_from_the_south).jpg)
includes Iburg Castle abbey and castle in Germany -
includes Ida of Lorraine French saint and noblewoman -
.jpg/120px-El_Greco_032_(cropped).jpg)
includes Ildephonsus of Toledo scholar and theologian -
includes Ippolito II d'Este Catholic cardinal -
includes Irmina of Oeren Frankish noble - includes Itta of Metz Frankish Saint
-
includes Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut sister of King Philip VI of France and the mother-in-law of Edward III -
includes Johannes Scotus Eriugena Irish Catholic philosopher and theologian (c. 800 – c. 877) -
2.jpg/120px-Santa_Trinita%2C_Neri_di_bicci%2C_San_giovanni_gualberto_(dettaglio)2.jpg)
includes John Gualbert Italian Roman Catholic saint -
includes Jouarre Abbey abbey located in Seine-et-Marne, in France -
includes Justus 7th-century missionary, Archbishop of Canterbury, and saint -
_wird_zu_Jutta_von_Sponheim_(Mitte_rechts)_auf_den_Disibodenberg_gebracht.jpg/120px-JDie_achtj%C3%A4hrige_Hildegard_von_Bingen_(Mitte)_wird_zu_Jutta_von_Sponheim_(Mitte_rechts)_auf_den_Disibodenberg_gebracht.jpg)
includes Jutta von Sponheim German noble and nun -
includes Kelso Abbey ruined abbey in Kelso, Scotland, UK -
includes Kempten Abbey monastery -
includes Kladruby Monastery -
includes Kloster Ebersberg monastery -
includes Kloster Lorch former Benedictine abbey in Lorch, Baden-Württemberg, Germany -
includes Kloster Rupertsberg monastery -
includes Kolos Ferenc Vaszary Hungarian cardinal (1832–1915) -
includes Kornelimünster Abbey abbey in Germany, attached to the congregation of Subiaco -
includes Kremsmünster Abbey Benedictine monastery in Kremsmünster -
.jpg/120px-2025_Opactwo_Cysters%C3%B3w_w_Krzeszowie_(5).jpg)
includes Krzeszów Abbey abbey -
includes Kunigunde of Bohemia Czech princess -
.JPG/120px-Lambach_-_Stift_(2).JPG)
includes Lambach Abbey Benedictine Abbey in Wels-Land, Upper Austria -
includes Lambert of Maastricht bishop of Maastricht (635-705) -
includes Landévennec Abbey abbey located in Finistère, in France -
includes Lanfranc Prior of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury and Roman Catholic blessed - includes Lauds canonical hour of the Divine office
-
includes Leander of Seville bishop of Seville -
includes Leo II pope -
includes Leodegar Bishop of Autun -
_San_Lorenzo_fra_i_Santi_Stefano_e_Leonardo_03.jpg/120px-Raffaellino_del_Garbo_(attr.)_San_Lorenzo_fra_i_Santi_Stefano_e_Leonardo_03.jpg)
includes Leonard of Noblac Frankish saint -
includes Lessay Abbey abbey located in Manche, in France -
includes Ligugé Abbey Benedictine monastery in Ligugé, France -
includes Limburg Abbey former monastery in Bad Dürkheim, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany -
includes Lobbes Abbey abbey in Belgium -
_(14597647649).jpg/120px-Vite_de_pi%C3%B9_eccellenti_pittori_scultori_ed_architetti_(1767)_(14597647649).jpg)
includes Lorenzo Monaco Italian painter (c. 1370 – c. 1425) -
includes Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme French cardinal -
includes Louis de Bourbon, Count of Clermont French noble (1709-1771) -
.jpg/120px-Cardinal_de_Guise_(%C3%A9cole_fran%C3%A7aise_du_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle).jpg)
includes Louis I of Lorraine, cardinal of Guise Catholic cardinal -
includes Louis II of Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise Catholic cardinal (1555-1588) -
includes Luigi d'Este Catholic cardinal -
includes Lüne Abbey former monastery in Lüneburg, Germany -
.jpg/120px-Lupus_Servatus_from_Frontispiece_for_Vindicae_Predestinationis_et_Gratiae_MET_DP836286_(cropped).jpg)
includes Lupus Servatus Benedictine monk (c.805–c.862) -
includes Luxeuil Abbey abbey in Luxeuil-les-Bains, France -
includes Magnus of Füssen missionary saint in southern Germany -
includes Maillezais Cathedral ruined Roman Catholic cathedral in Maillezais, Vendée, France -
includes Malmesbury Abbey abbey and parish church in Malmesbury, Wiltshire, England, UK -
includes Marchtal Abbey monastery -
includes Maria Kunigunde of Saxony Princess of Saxony and Poland, abbess of Essen and Thorn (1740–1826) -
includes Maria Laach Abbey monastery in Germany -
us_(of_Mainz)%2C_Chronicle%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_latinus_830.jpg/120px-Marianus_Scot(t)us_(of_Mainz)%2C_Chronicle%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_latinus_830.jpg "Picture: lead image of the German Wikipedia article")
includes Marianus Scotus Irish monk and chronicler -
includes Marienberg Abbey abbey in South Tyrol -
.JPG/120px-Martinho_de_Dume_(detail).JPG)
includes Martin of Braga bishop of Dumium -
includes Mary of Woodstock English princess -
includes Mathilda of Essen abbess of Essen Abbey from 973 to her death - includes Matilda of Anjou Duchess of Normandy; later an abbess
-
includes Matilda of Ringelheim German queen consort and duchess consort of Saxony (895-968) - includes Matins canonical hour of Christian liturgy
-
includes Matthew Paris medieval English chronicler and artist (c.1200-1259) -
.jpg/120px-Saint_Mechtildis_(cropped).jpg)
includes Mechtilde Saxon Christian saint -
includes Melk Abbey Benedictine Abbey in Melk, Austria -
includes Mellitus Archbishop of Canterbury; Bishop of London -
includes Metten Abbey Benedictine Monastery in Baveria, Germany; founded in the 8th century -
includes Meymac Abbey abbey located in Corrèze, in France -
includes Michelfeld Abbey monastery -
includes Micy abbey located in Loiret, in France -
includes Mildthryth Anglo-Saxon Abbess -
includes Millstatt Abbey Abbey in Millstatt, Austria -
includes Moissac Abbey abbey located in Tarn-et-Garonne, in France -
includes monastery of Comburg former monastery in Schwaebisch Hall, Baden-Wuerttemberg in Germany -
includes Monastery of Leyre abbey in Spain -
includes Monastery of Sant Cugat monastery -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_photograph_of_Mosteiro_de_Tib%C3%A3es_(2).jpg)
includes Monastery of São Martinho de Tibães church building in Braga, Braga District, Portugal -
includes Monastery of St. Michael building in Heidelberg, Karlsruhe Government Region, Bade-Württemberg, Germany -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Mondsee_Abbey_(view_from_the_southwest).jpg)
includes Mondsee Abbey building in Upper Austria, Austria -
includes Moniales de Wisques abbey located in Pas-de-Calais, in France -
includes Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey Benedictine monastery -
includes Montmajour Abbey former abbey in Arles, France -
includes Mosteiro de São Bento monastery in São Paulo -
includes Moutier-Grandval Abbey abbey -
includes Munsterbilzen Abbey abbey in Belgium -
includes Münsterschwarzach Abbey abbey -
includes Murbach Abbey abbey located in Haut-Rhin, in France -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_the_Neresheim_Abbey_(view_from_the_southeast).jpg)
includes Neresheim Abbey abbey in Germany -
includes Neuburg Abbey Benedictine monastery in Baden-Württemberg, Germany -
includes Niederaltaich Abbey Abbey in Niederalteich in Germany -
includes Niederhaslach Church collegiate church located in Bas-Rhin, in France -
includes Nienburg Abbey abbey -
.jpg/120px-Nivelles_JPG00_(1).jpg)
includes Nivelles Abbey monastery - includes Nones fixed time of prayer of the Divine Office of almost all the traditional Christian liturgies
-
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Nonnberg_Abbey_(view_from_the_south).jpg)
includes Nonnberg Abbey Benedictine monastery in Salzburg, Austria -
includes Notker of Liège Roman Catholic bishop, Benedictine monk -
includes Notre Dame de Morienval abbey located in Oise, in France -
includes Novalesa Abbey building in Novalesa, Italy -
includes Ochsenhausen Abbey abbey -
includes Odile of Alsace Christian abbess and saint -
includes Oliba Cabreta Spanish noble and count of Cerdanya and count of Besalú (c.920-990) -
includes Orderic Vitalis English monk and historian (1075 – c. 1142) -
includes Orval Abbey monastery in Belgium -
includes Oswald of Worcester Archbishop of York (died 992) -
includes Otfrid of Weissenburg Carolingian priest and poet -
includes Othmar monk and priest -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_the_Ottobeuren_Abbey_(view_from_the_northwest).jpg)
includes Ottobeuren Abbey abbey -
includes Palais Saint-Pierre abbey located in Rhône, in France -
includes Pannonhalma Archabbey Hungarian archabbey built in 996 -
includes Paschasius Radbertus French monk -
includes Paul the Deacon 8th century Benedictine monk, scribe and historian -
.jpg/120px-Saint_Paulinus_of_York_(cropped).jpg)
includes Paulinus of York Bishop of Rochester; Archbishop of York; Saint -
includes Peter Abelard French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician (c.1079-1142) -
includes Peter Damian eleventh-century Benedictine monk -
includes Peter Igneus Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and saint -
includes Petershausen Abbey monastery -
includes Pfarrkirche cultural heritage monument D-6-72-111-1 (0) in Aura an der Saale, Bavaria -
includes Piona Abbey building in Colico, Italy -
includes Pius VII head of the Catholic Church, ruler of the Papal States from 1800 to 1823 (1742–1823) -
includes Plankstetten Abbey monastery in Germany -
includes Princely Abbey of Corvey abbey in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany -
includes Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg Wife of Miguel I of Portugal (1831–1909) -
includes Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine French royal (1714-1773) -
.jpg/120px-Maurice_Quentin_de_La_Tour%2C_Princesse_Marie-Christine_de_Saxe_(c._1762-1763).jpg)
includes Princess Maria Christina of Saxony Princess of Saxony and an Abbess (1735-1782) -
includes Prinknash Abbey monastery in Gloucestershire, England, UK -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_the_Pr%C3%BCfening_Abbey_(view_from_the_southwest).jpg)
includes Prüfening Abbey abbey -
includes Prüll Charterhouse church building in Regensburg, Upper Palatinate, Germany -
includes Prüm Abbey abbey -
includes Quarr Abbey monastery on the Isle of Wight in southern England -
includes Rabanus Maurus archbishop of Mainz and writer (d. 856) -
includes Radim Gaudentius Polish archbishop (c. 970 – c. 1020) -
includes Rajhrad Benedictine Monastery Benedictine abbey in Rajhrad, Czech Republic -
includes Ramsey Abbey former Benedictine abbey located in Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, England, UK -
includes Redon Abbey abbey located in Ille-et-Vilaine, in France -
includes Reginar I Longneck Lotharingian noble -
includes Reichenbach Priory abbey in Baiersbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany -
.jpg/120px-0_Saint_Remacle_-_Malmedy_050818_(6).jpg)
includes Remaclus Benedictine missionary bishop -
includes Remiremont Abbey abbey located in Vosges, in France -
includes Rheinau Abbey former Benedictine abbey -
includes Richerus French historian -
includes Robert of Molesme Cistercian abbot (1024–1111) - includes Robert the Monk chronicler of the First Crusade
-
includes Romainmôtier Monastery Former Benedictine monastery in the Swiss municipality of Romainmôtier-Envy -
includes Romuald founder of the Camaldolese order -
.jpg/120px-Fa%C3%A7ade_de_l'abbatiale_Notre-Dame_de_Bernay_(Eure).jpg)
includes Royal Abbey of Bernay abbey located in Eure, France -
includes Royal abbey of Fontevraud abbey located in Maine-et-Loire, in France -
.JPG/120px-La-Chaise-Dieu_JPG0_(7).JPG)
includes Royal abbey of La Chaise-Dieu Benedictine abbey in La Chaise-Dieu, Haute-Loire, France -
includes Royal abbey of Molesme French abbey -
includes Royal Abbey of Saint Wandrille abbey located in Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France -
%2C_ancienne_abbaye_Saint-Corneille%2C_maquette%2C_vue_depuis_le_sud.jpg/120px-Compi%C3%A8gne_(60)%2C_ancienne_abbaye_Saint-Corneille%2C_maquette%2C_vue_depuis_le_sud.jpg)
includes Royal abbey of Saint-Corneille abbey located in Oise, in France -
includes Royal abbey of Saint-Denis abbey located in France -
includes Royal Abbey of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre abbey located in Auxerre, France -
includes Royal abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés abbey located in Paris, in France -
includes Royal abbey of Saint-Gildas Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys abbey located in Morbihan, in France -
includes Royal abbey of Saint-Remi former abbey located in Marne, France -
includes Royal abbey of Saint-Riquier abbey located in Somme, in France -
includes Royal Abbey of St. Medard abbey located in Aisne, in France -
includes Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña romanesque monastery in Spain. Cultural heritage -
includes Royal Saint-Peter's abbey of Jumièges abbey located in Seine-Maritime, in France - includes Rudolf of Fulda 9th century Benedictine monk and historian
-
includes Rupert of Deutz abbot, theologian, exegete and writer on liturgical and musical topics (1075–1129) -
includes Rupert of Salzburg Frankish bishop -
.jpg/120px-Salfeld_(Merian).jpg)
includes Saalfeld Abbey monastery -
includes Saint Andrew's Basilica church building in Brugge, Belgium -
includes Saint Boniface 8th‑century Anglo‑Saxon bishop and missionary, Catholic saint and martyr, known as the ‘Apostle to the Germans’ -
_(8).jpg/120px-Interior_of_Eglise_Saint-Faron_(Pouldreuzic)_(8).jpg "Picture: lead image of the Italian Wikipedia article")
includes Saint Faro bishop of Meaux -
includes Saint Giles 7th-century Greek hermit and abbot, Catholic saint, one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers -
includes Saint John Abbey Benedictine monastery in Müstair, Graubünden, Switzerland, founded in 780 -
_-_St._Maurus_the_Abbot_by_Valentin_Le_F%C3%A8vre.jpg/120px-Santa_Giustina_(Padua)_-_St._Maurus_the_Abbot_by_Valentin_Le_F%C3%A8vre.jpg)
includes Saint Maurus first disciple of St. Benedict of Nursia -
includes Saint Paul's in Lavanttal Abbey Benedictine monastery in Sankt Paul im Lavanttal, Austria -
includes Saint Peter's Abbey former monastery in Ghent, Belgium -
includes Saint Peter's church church located in Isère, in France -
includes Saint Petroc Welsh prince and Christian saint -
includes Saint Pirmin German saint -
includes Saint Placidus 6th centurry Benedictine monk -
includes Saint Procopius of Sázava Czech abbot (end of 10th century-1053) -
includes Saint Sturm Austrian saint -
includes Saint Walpurga West Saxon saint -
includes Saint-Amand Abbey abbey in Nord, France - includes Saint-Andrew Abbey former Benedictine abbey in Sint Andries, borough of Bruges
-
includes Saint-Benoît d'Encalcat (Abbey : Dourgne, France) abbey located in Tarn, in France -
includes Saint-Génis-des-Fontaines Abbey abbey located in Pyrénées-Orientales, in France -
%2C_abbatiale%2C_vue_depuis_le_sud-ouest.jpg/120px-Saint-Germer-de-Fly_(60)%2C_abbatiale%2C_vue_depuis_le_sud-ouest.jpg)
includes Saint-Germer-de-Fly Abbey abbey located in Oise, in France -
includes Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert Abbey abbey located in Hérault, in France -
includes Saint-Hubert abbey abbey in Belgium -
includes Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa abbey located in Pyrénées-Orientales, France -
includes Saint-Michel-en-Thiérache Abbey abbey located in Aisne, in France -
includes Saint-Sever Abbey abbey located in Landes, France -
includes San Fruttuoso Abbey abbey in Camogli, Italy -
includes San Vicente of Oviedo cultural property in Oviedo, Spain -
includes San Vincenzo al Volturno abbey building in Castel San Vincenzo, Italy -
includes Sankt Blasien Abbey in the Black Forest abbey -
includes Santa Maria de Montserrat abbey -
includes Sázava Monastery national monument of the Czech Republic -
includes Schäftlarn Abbey monastery in Kloster Schäftlarn on the outskirts of Munich, Bavaria, Germany -
includes Scharnitz Abbey Benedictine monastery in Mittenwald in Bavaria, Germany -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_the_Scheyern_Abbey_(view_from_the_southwest).jpg)
includes Scheyern Abbey abbey -
includes Schottenstift monastery in Vienna -
includes Schuttern Abbey abbey in Germany -
includes Sebaldus German saint - includes Sedulius Scottus Irish teacher, Latin grammarian and scriptural commentator
-
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Seeon_Abbey_(view_from_the_southwest).jpg)
includes Seeon Abbey former Benedictine abbey in Seeon-Seebruck, Traunstein, Bavaria, Germany -
includes Seitenstetten Abbey abbey - includes Selz Abbey monastery
-
includes Senones Abbey abbey located in Vosges, in France -
includes Severinus of Noricum Italian Roman Catholic saint -
includes Shaftesbury Abbey abbey in Dorset, England (888–1539) -
includes Shrewsbury Abbey parish church and former abbey in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England, UK -
includes Sigebert of Gembloux medieval priest and chronicler -
includes Silverius pope -
includes Sint-Truiden Abbey former Benedictine monastery in Sint-Truiden (named after Saint Trudo) in the province of Limburg Belgium -
includes Solesmes Abbey abbey located in Sarthe, in France -
includes Sophia I Abbess of Gandersheim -
includes St Bavo's Abbey, Ghent former abbey in Ghent -
includes St Mary's Abbey, York Benedictine abbey -
includes St Peter's Abbey, Oudenburg former abbey in Oudenburg, Belgium -
.jpg/120px-Stift_Sankt_Peter_(5).jpg)
includes St Peter's Archabbey Salzburg Benedictine monastery in Salzburg, Austria -
includes St. Alban's Abbey former abbey in Mainz, Germany -
includes St. Boniface’s Abbey abbey in Munich -
.jpg/120px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_-_panoramio_(1).jpg)
includes St. Emmeram's Abbey abbey in Regensburg, Bavaria -
includes St. George's Convent building in Prague Castle, Czech Republic -
includes St. Lambert's Abbey Benedictine Abbey -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_the_Abbey_of_Saint_Mang_(view_from_the_southwest).jpg)
includes St. Mang's Abbey monastery in Bavaria, Germany -
includes St. Matthias' Abbey benedictine monastery in Trier, Germany -
includes St. Michael's Church church in Hildesheim, Germany -
.jpg/120px-Pope_Stephen_III_(2).jpg)
includes Stephen III pope -
_Liber_Chronicarum_(serietitel)%2C_RP-P-2016-49-67-5.svg/120px-Paus_Stefanus_IX_Stephanus_nonus_(titel_op_object)_Liber_Chronicarum_(serietitel)%2C_RP-P-2016-49-67-5.svg.png)
includes Stephen IX pope -
includes Stolpe Abbey monastery -
includes Suitbert of Kaiserswerdt Christian missionary and saint -
includes Susteren Abbey former abbey in Susteren, Netherlands -
includes Swithun English Roman Catholic bishop of Winchester and saint -
.jpg/120px-Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_002_(cropped).jpg)
includes Sylvester II Pope of the Catholic Church from 938 to 1003 -
includes Tegernsee Abbey former monastery -
.jpg/120px-0_Bruges_B%C3%A9guinage_(1).jpg)
includes Ten Wijngaerde béguinage in Bruges, Belgium -
includes Ter Doest Abbey former abbey in Lissewege -
includes Tewkesbury Abbey abbey in Gloucestershire, England, UK -
_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4291759.jpg/120px-Thorney_Abbey%2C_(Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Botolph)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4291759.jpg)
includes Thorney Abbey abbey in Thorney, Cambridgeshire, England, UK -
includes Tihany Abbey monastery -
includes Trinity Abbey, Vendôme abbey located in Loir-et-Cher, in France -
includes Tyniec Abbey abbey -
.png/120px-Urbano_II_in_consacrazione_de_l'altare_del_monastero_di_Cluny_(detail).png)
includes Urban II 11th century pope and initiator of the Crusades -
.jpg/120px-Simone_dei_crocifissi%2C_urbano_V%2C_1375_ca.%2C_forse_dalla_cattedrale_di_s._pietro_01_(cropped).jpg)
includes Urban V pope of the Catholic Church from 1362 to 1370 -
includes Vallombrosa Abbey abbey -
includes Vézelay Abbey Benedictine and Cluniac monastery in Vézelay, France -
includes Victor III head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1086 to 1087 - includes Wala of Corbie Advisor to Charlemagne
-
_Liber_Chronicarum_(serietitel)%2C_RP-P-2016-49-86-3_(cropped).jpg/120px-Walahfrid_Strabo_Strabus_monachus_(titel_op_object)_Liber_Chronicarum_(serietitel)%2C_RP-P-2016-49-86-3_(cropped).jpg)
includes Walafrid Strabo Carolingian priest (ca. 808–849) -
includes Waltrude Belgian saint (612-688) -
includes Weihenstephan Abbey monastery in Germany -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Weingarten_Abbey_(view_from_the_southwest).jpg)
includes Weingarten Abbey former abbey in Weingarten, Germany -
.JPG/120px-Weltenburg%2C_Klosterkirche_St_Georg_und_Martin_(102).JPG)
includes Weltenburg Abbey abbey -
includes Werden Abbey former Benedictine abbey in Germany -
includes Wessobrunn Abbey building in Wessobrunn, Upper Bavaria, Germany -
_2013-09-04_11-25-09.jpg/120px-Whitby_Abbey_(ruins)_2013-09-04_11-25-09.jpg)
includes Whitby Abbey abbey -
.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_the_Wiblingen_Abbey_(view_from_the_east).jpg)
includes Wiblingen Abbey abbey -
includes Widukind of Corvey 10th-century Saxon chronicler -
includes Wilfrid Christian saint, Bishop of York from 664 to 678 -
includes William of Gellone Count of Toulouse and saint -
includes William of Hirsau German abbot and theologian -
includes William of Malmesbury English monk and chronicler (c.1095 – c.1143) -
includes Willibald 8th century bishop and saint -
includes Willibrord Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and missionary (c.658–739) -
includes Wolfgang of Regensburg German monk, bishop and saint -
.jpg/120px-Et%C3%A0_di_papa_Zaccaria%2C_cappella_del_primicerius_Teodoro%2C_Madonna_in_trono_con_Theodoto_e_la_moglie%2C_741-752_(09).jpg)
includes Zachary pope -
includes Želiv monastery -
includes Zwiefalten Abbey abbey
Sources
Sources and evidence
Where every statement on this page comes from, and how each one stands.
2 statements on this record
- 2 Imported Taken from Wikidata as it stands. Nobody here has read it.
Only this record’s own statements. What other records say about it is counted on theirs.
Three layers, three licences
- Text
- Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted, not merged
- Pictures
- Wikimedia Commons · each file’s own terms
Review
Not yet read by an editor here. Every relationship on this page is an import.
Disagreements are kept, not resolved, and a count of sources is not a confidence score.
Keep exploring
More from Christianity
Its branches, councils, saints, offices and buildings — and where they stopped recognising each other.